direct and indirect

Definisi

a) Direct Speech

Direct Speech merupakan kalimat langsung yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh sang pembicara dimana di dalam tulisannya Direct Speech menggunakan tanda petik dua (apostrophe) di awal dan di akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana di dalam teks percakapan. 

b) Indirect Speech

Indirect Speech merupakan kalimat tidak langsung yang diutarakan atau diucapkan baik oleh orang lain atau pun oleh dirinya sendiri dan bentuknya tidak sama dengan kalimat langsung. 

Aturan dalam Penulisan Direct dan Indirect Speech

Perubahan kalimat langsung (direct speech) ke dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) dalam penulisannya terdapat beberapa aturan sebagai berikut:

1. Tenses

Hal pertama yang berubah dari Direct Speech menjadi Indirect Speech yaitu tenses seperti tabel di bawah ini:

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Simple Present	Simple Past
2.	Present Continous	Past Continous
3.	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4.	Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
5.	Simple Past	Past Perfect
6.	Past Continous	Past Continous
7.	Past Perfect	Past Perfect
8.	Past Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
9.	Simple Future	Past Future
10.	Future Continous	Past Future Continous
11.	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
12.	Future Perfect Continous	Past Future Perfect Continous

  

2. Time and Place

Selain tenses, keterangan waktu dan tempat juga ikut berubah dalam kalimat Direct menjadi kalimat Indirect. Perhatikan tabel di bawah ini:

No.	Direct	Indirect
1.	Yesterday	The day before
2.	Now	Then
3.	Tonight	That night
4.	Today	That day
5.	Tomorrow	The day after / the following day
6.	Next week	A week after / the following week
7.	Here	There
8.	This	That
9.	These	Those

Note:

Kita boleh menggunakan Present Tense atau Past Tense jika kebenarannya masih terjadi hingga saat ini. Contoh:
“My name is Aiden,” he said. Maka bentuk Indirect nya yaitu: He said his name was Aiden, atau He said his name is Aiden.

3. Bentuk Kalimat

Selain hal – hal yang disebutkan di atas, bentuk kalimat juga mempengaruhi perubahan kalimat Direct ke kalimat Indirect.

1) Statement (Kalimat pernyataan)

Dalam kalimat langsung (direct speech), kata yang dipakai dalam induk kalimat (introduce phrase) tidak hanya said dan told saja, akan tetapi dapat menggunakan kata – kata seperti suggested, admitted, advised, begged, ordered, promised, replied, agreed, dan lain – lain. Sedangkan dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), perlu ditambahkan kata “that” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dengan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:
Direct Speech
Anna suggested Rio: “I think you have to come to your girlfriend and apologize for what you did to her.”
(Anna menyarankan kepada Rio: “Saya pikir kamu harus datang kepada pacarmu dan meminta maaf atas apa yang telah kamu lakukan kepadanya)

Indirect Speech
Anna suggested Rio that she thought he had to come to his girlfriend and apologized for what he had done to her.

(Anna menyarankan kepada Rio bahwa dia pikir Rio harus datang kepada pacarnya dan meminta maaf atas apa yang telah dia lakukan kepadanya)

2) Command (Kalimat perintah)

Command disini dapat berarti dua hal, yaitu menyuruh dan melarang. Menyuruh dapat berarti melakukan (bersifat positif), sedangkan melarang dapat berarti tidak melakukan (bersifat negatif).

a) Positif (Menyuruh)
Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:
Direct Speech
The girl asked me: “Open the window!”
(Seorang gadis menyuruhku: “Buka jendelanya!”)
Indirect Speech
The girl asked me to open the window.
(Seorang gadis menyuruhku untuk membuka jendelanya)

b) Negatif (Melarang)
 Dalam kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech), ditambahkan kata “not to” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat.

Contoh:
Direct Speech
Nita told Indah: “Don’t play outside alone!”
(Nita memberitahu Indah: “Jangan bermain di luar sendirian!”)

Indirect Speech
Nita told Indah not to play outside alone.
(Nita memberitahu Indah untuk tidak bermain di luar sendirian)

3) Question (Kalimat tanya)

Question disini terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
a) Jika pertanyaan menggunakan kata tanya berupa 5W +1 H (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanya tersebut menjadi penghubung antara induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).

Contoh:
Direct Speech
He asked me: “When will we go to your house?”
(Dia bertanya kepadaku: “Kapan kita akan pergi ke rumahmu?”)
Indirect Speech
He asked me when we would go to my house.
(Dia bertanya kepadaku kapan kami akan pergi ke rumahku)

b) Jika pertanyaan yang jawabannya berupa yes/no, maka ditambahkan “if” untuk menghubungkan induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan anak kalimat (reported words).
Contoh:

Direct Speech
The teacher asked Doni: “Have you done the assignment?”
(Guru bertanya kepada Doni: “Apakah kamu telah menyelesaikan tugas?”)
Indirect Speech
The teacher asked Doni if he had done the assignment.
(Guru bertanya kepada Doni jika dia telah menyelesaikan tugasnya)

 contoh contoh dari  kalimat direct and in dire

1.      S. Present

      Direct    : he said, “ my mother is a wise women”

      Indirect : he said that his mother was a wise woman

2.      S. Present continous

      Direct : Sarah had said, “ I am  cooking rice “

      Indirect : sarah had said that she was cooking a rice

3.      S.present perfect

      Direct : Nia had said , “ my mother has gone to the market”

      Indirect : Nia said that his mother had gone to the market

4.      S. Past

      Direct : Mia said, “ I studied English last night”

      Indirect : Mia said that he had studied english the previous night

5.      S. Future

     Direct : He said, “ I will go to school “

     Indirect : he said that he would go school

Soal Latihan

Sentences are given in the direct speech. Change them into the indirect speech.

1. He said, “I have got a toothache”.
2. Manu said, “I am very busy now”.
3. “Hurry up,” she said to us.
4. “Give me a cup of water,” he told her.
5. She said, “I am going to college.”
6. She said to me, “Thank you”
7. umar said, “Ali must go tomorrow”.
8. Ical says, “My father is an Engineer.”
9. He said, “I have passed the physical test.”
10. She said to me, “You are my only friend.”

Jawaban

1. He said that he had got a toothache.
2. Manu said that he was very busy then.
3. She told us to hurry up.
4. He asked her to give him a cup of water.
5. She said that she was going to college.
6. She thanked me.
7. Umar said that Ali would have to go the following day.
8. Ical says that her father is an Engineer.
9. He said that he had passed the physical test.
10. She told me that I was her only friend.